Nasal Polyps

Nasal polyps are swollen tissue masses that develop due to long-term inflammation of the nasal mucosa. This inflammation disrupts the airflow of the sinuses, creating a breeding ground for polyps to grow. Polyps are generally seen symmetrically on both sides of the nose and, while they do not show symptoms when small, they can obstruct the respiratory tract when they grow.

Main causes:
• Chronic sinusitis (sinus inflammation lasting longer than 12 weeks)
• Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)
• Asthma
• Sensitivity to aspirin or NSAIDs (some painkillers) (Samter’s triad: asthma, aspirin sensitivity, and nasal polyps)
• Genetic predisposition
• Immune system diseases such as cystic fibrosis
• Recurrent upper respiratory tract infections
Risk factors:
• Occurs 2-4 times more often in men than in women, and usually appears between the ages of 30-60. Although rare in children, it can be seen in diseases like cystic fibrosis.
• What are the Symptoms of Nasal Polyps?
• Small polyps are often unnoticed. However, when they grow, the following symptoms appear:
• Persistent nasal congestion (need to breathe through the mouth)
• Runny nose or postnasal drip
• Decreased or complete loss of smell and taste (anosmia)
• Pressure, pain, or headache in the face, forehead, and sinuses
• Snoring and sleep apnea
• Frequent sinus infections
These symptoms can be confused with the common cold, but if they last, an ENT specialist should be consulted. If left untreated, it impairs sleep quality, triggers asthma attacks, and in rare cases, leads to complications (e.g., obstructive sleep apnea).

Treatment is planned according to the size of the polyps and the severity of the symptoms. The goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation, shrink polyps, and prevent recurrence.
Drug Treatment (Medical Treatment):
• Corticosteroid (cortisone) nasal sprays: The first option; shrinks polyps and controls inflammation.
• Oral (by mouth) corticosteroid tablets: Used short-term, may have serious side effects.
• Antihistamines (for allergies) and antibiotics (if there is an infection)
• Biological agents: New generation treatments (e.g., monoclonal antibodies like dupilumab) target inflammation in severe cases.
Surgical Treatment:
Endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is performed in large polyps that do not respond to medications. Polyps are removed with a camera and instruments from inside the nose; there is no external incision, healing is fast. The risk of recurrence is reduced with nasal sprays and regular check-ups after the surgery.

Nasal polyps can recur; there is a possibility of recurrence up to 50% if the underlying inflammation is not controlled. For this reason, long-term follow-up is essential. To prevent recurrence:
• Treat allergies and asthma regularly.
• Avoid cigarette smoke, air pollution, and irritants.
• Use saline nasal washes and sprays (for nasal hygiene).
• Keep the air humid at home with a humidifier.
• Healthy eating, exercise, and strengthening immunity (vitamin D, omega-3 supplements may be beneficial under the control of a doctor).
• Have regular ENT check-ups.
Although it is not possible to prevent it completely, these measures significantly reduce the risk.

Yes, it can. If you suspect polyps in children, consult an ear, nose, and throat specialist immediately; the underlying disease (cystic fibrosis) should be investigated